Vol. 17 No. 2 (2026)
Special Issue: SI_TGEO

Between Pedagogy and Privacy: Developing Geography Students’ Qualitative Research Skills in the Context of Generative AI

Natascha Klocker
School of Social Sciences and ACCESS, University of Wollongong, Australia
Bio
Chantel Carr
School of Social Sciences and ACCESS, University of Wollongong, Australia
Laura Hammersley
School of Social Sciences and ACCESS, University of Wollongong, Australia
Bio
Figure 1. Instructions on Generative AI use provided for the final report in GEOG336 in 2025.
Categories

Published 2026-04-22

Keywords

  • Generative AI,
  • qualitative methods,
  • research training,
  • students,
  • data protection

How to Cite

Klocker, Natascha, Chantel Carr, and Laura Hammersley. 2026. “Between Pedagogy and Privacy: Developing Geography Students’ Qualitative Research Skills in the Context of Generative AI”. European Journal of Geography 17 (2):S.135-S.143. https://doi.org/10.48088/ejg.n.klo.17.2.135.143.
Received 2025-12-01
Accepted 2026-04-19
Published 2026-04-22

Abstract

This short paper reflects on teaching qualitative methods to undergraduate students at a time when Generative AI is transforming higher education. We report on our experiences of teaching a skills-focused geography subject which implements an applied research project that undergoes full ethics assessment. Our recent experiences highlight the need for geography educators to make deliberate pedagogical choices that uphold research ethics and integrity when student work involves real participant data. We argue that experiential learning opportunities must be preserved in geography classrooms, however, educators must proactively manage ethical obligations and safeguard research participants’ data from insecure Generative AI platforms.

Highlights:

  • Hands-on research methods training is critical to geography students’ skills development.
  • Generative AI must be navigated proactively in research subjects involving human participants.
  • Geography educators who use qualitative data with students must protect participants’ privacy.
  • Use of Generative AI for data analysis requires greater discussion in geography journals.

Contribution to the Special Issue Topics: This paper contributes to the Special Issue themes by exploring: ‘The transformative potential and limitations of digital tools and AI in geography teaching’ and ‘Teacher agency and curriculum decision-making in times of uncertainty’.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

  1. Alqahtani, N., & Wafula, Z. (2025). Artificial intelligence integration: pedagogical strategies and policies at leading uni-versities. Innovative Higher Education, 50, 665-684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755-024-09749-x
  2. Burleigh, C., & Wilson, A. (2024). Generative AI: is authentic qualitative research data collection possible?. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 53(2), 89-115. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472395241270278
  3. Butson, R., & Spronken-Smith, R. (2024). AI and its implications for research in higher education: a critical dialogue. Higher Education Research & Development, 43(3), 563-577. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2023.2280200
  4. Caton, L., & Hwang, Y. (2025). Ethical implications and governance of AI in research. In X. Zhou & H. Al-Samarraie (Eds.), Advances in Artificial Intelligence in Education (pp. 167-184) Springer, Cham Switzerland.
  5. Christou, P. (2023). Ηow to use artificial intelligence (AI) as a resource, methodological and analysis tool in qualitative research? The Qualitative Report, 28(7), 1968-1980. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2023.6406
  6. Combrinck, C. (2024) A tutorial for integrating generative AI in mixed methods data analysis. Discover Education, 3, Article116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-024-00214-7
  7. Cook., D., Ginsburg, S., Sawatsky, A., Kuper, A., & D’Angelo, J. (2025). Artificial intelligence to support qualitative data analysis: promises, approaches, pitfalls. Academic Medicine, 100, 1134-1149. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000006134
  8. Davison, R., Chughtai, H., Nielsen, P., Marabelli, M., Iannacci, F., van Offenbeek, M., Tarafdar, M., Trenz, M., Techatas-sanasoontorn, A., Díaz Andrade, A., & Panteli, N. (2024). The ethics of usinggenerative AI for qualitative data analysis. Information Systems Journal, 34(5), 1433-1439. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12504
  9. DeLyser, D., Potter, A., Chaney, J., Crider, Sp., Debnam, I., Hanks, G., Hotard, C., Modlin, A., Pfeiffer, M., & Seemann, J. (2013). Teaching qualitative research: experiential learning in group-based interviews and coding assignments. Journal of Geography, 112(1), 18-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221341.2012.674546
  10. Dhou, K. & Orudzheva, L. (2025). Data integrity and AI ethics. In X. Zhou & H. Al-Samarraie (Eds.), Advances in Artificial Intelligence in Education (pp.185-205). Springer, Cham Switzerland.
  11. Fang, L., & Essien, A. (2025). Harnessing AI for data interpretation and insightful discussions. In X, Zhou & H. Al-Samarraie (Eds.), Advances in Artificial Intelligence in Education (pp.129-148). Springer, Cham Switzerland.
  12. Fraile-Jurado, P., & Periáñez-Cuevas, N. (2023). Enhancing motivation strategies in a mandatory university geography course. European Journal of Geography, 14(2), 64-75. https://doi.org/10.48088/ejg.p.fra.14.2.064.075
  13. Friedman, C., Owen, A., & VanPuymbrouck, L. (2025). Should ChatGPT help with my research/ A caution against artifi-cial intelligence in qualitative analysis. Qualitative Research, 25(5),1062-1088. https://doi.org/10.1177/14687941241297375
  14. Gustavsen, D., Surbaugh, H., & Emmons, M. (2025). Using generative AI for qualitative coding. Library Trends, 73(3), 213-242. https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.2025.a961193
  15. Hochmair, H., Levente, J., & Li, H. (2025). Advancing AI-driven geospatial analysis and data generation: Methods, appli-cations and future directions. International Journal of Geo-Information 14(2), Article 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14020056
  16. Jowsey, T., Braun, V., Clarke, V., Lupton, D., & Fine, M. (2025). We reject the use of generative artificial intelligence for reflexive qualitative research. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5676462
  17. Keenan, K., & Fontaine, D. (2012). Listening to our students: understanding how they learn research methods in geog-raphy. Journal of Geography, 111(6), 224-235. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221341.2011.653651
  18. Lane, R. (2015). Mitigating risks, embracing potential: a framework for integrative generative artificial intelligence in geographical and environmental education. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Educa-tion, https://doi.org/10.1080/10382046.2025.2458561
  19. Lee, J., Cimová, A, Foster, E., France, D., Krajňáková, L., Moorman, L., Rewhorn, S. & Zhang, J. (2025). Transforming geography education: the role of generative AI in curriculum, pedagogy, assessment, and fieldwork. Internation-al Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 34(3):237-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/10382046.2025.2459780
  20. Lee, J. (2026). Changes in teacher perceptions through professional development in integrative Generative AI into ge-ography inquiry activities. Journal of Geography. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221341.2025.2602601
  21. Leininger-Frezal, C. (2018). Training primary teachers through experiential geography. European Journal of Geography, 9(2), 37-53. https://www.eurogeojournal.eu/index.php/egj/article/view/69.
  22. Liu, B., Liu, W., Zeng, W. & Peng, Y. (2025). Exploring the application potential of generative artificial intelligence in high school geography teaching: scenarios, limitations, and improvement strategies. The Journal of Education Re-search, 118(6):674-687. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2025.2510396
  23. Lloyd, K., Howitt, R., Bilous, R., Clark, L., Dowling, R., Fagan, F., Fuller, S., Hammersley, L., Houston, D., McGregor, A., McLean, J., Miller, F., Ruming, K., Semple, A., & Suchet-Pearson, S. (2015). Geographic contributions to institu-tional curriculum reform in Australia: the challenge of embedding field-based learning. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 39(4), 491-503. https://doi.org/10.1080/03098265.2015.1103710
  24. Mabirizi., V., Katushabe, C., Muhoza, G., & Rugasira, J. (2025). A systematic review of the impact of generative AI on postgraduate research: opportunities, challenges, and ethical implications. Discover Artificial Intelligence. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00495-3
  25. Martin, D. (2009). Reflections on teaching qualitative methods in geography. In D. DeLyser et al. (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Geography (pp. 406-417) Sage Publications.
  26. Oğlakcı, B., & Uzun, A. (2025). A decade of artificial intelligence (AI) and geography: bibliometric insights with AI-powered analysis. European Journal of Geography 16(2), 327-392. https://doi.org/10.48088/ejg.b.ogl.16.2.372.392
  27. Paulus, T., Lester, J., & Davis, C. (2025). The construction of the role of AI in qualitative data analysis in the social sci-ences. AI & Society. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02488-3
  28. Paweloszek, I. (2025). Leveraging Generative AI for spatial data preparation. Procedia Computer Science, 270:2356-2365. https://doi.org:10.1016/j.procs.2025.09.357
  29. Pillai, V., & Matus, K. (2025). Regulatory solutions to alleviate the risks of generative AI models in qualitative research. Journal of Asian Public Policy, 18(2), 482-505. https://doi.org/10.1080/17516234.2024.2399098
  30. Prescott, M., Yeager, S., Ham, L., Saldana, C., Serrano, V., Narez, J., Paltin, D., Delgado, J., Moore, D., & Montoya, J. (2024). Comparing the efficacy and efficiency of human and generative AI: qualitative thematic analyses. Journal of Medical Internet Research – AI, 3, e54482. https://doi.org/10.2196/54482
  31. Pretorious, L., & Pretorious, C. (2025). Exploring ChatGPT’s potential as a qualitative research partner: researcher and participant perspectives on AI generated insights. Qualitative Research in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2025.2585840
  32. Qiao, S., Fang, X., & Wang, J. (2025). Generative AI for thematic analysis in a maternal health study: coding semistruc-tured interviews using large language models. Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being, 17, e70038. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.70038
  33. Sabbata, S., Ballatore, A., Miller, H., Sieber, R., Tyukin, I. & Yeboah, G. (2023). GeoAI in urban analytics. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 37(12):2455-2463. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2023.2279978
  34. Sehemi, A., Sarfraz, I., & Hussain, M. (2025). Generative artificial intelligence’s integration for data analysis in conduct-ing academic research: understanding the perspective of research supervisors. Journal of Advanced Academics, 36(4), 788-815. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932202X251365312
  35. Shingleton, J., & Basiri, A. (2025). Applying and adapting established frameworks for geospatial data quality to evaluate Generative AI in geographic information systems. Journal of Location Based Services. https://doi.org/10.1080/17489725.2025.2594193
  36. Smith, S., Tate, M., Freeman, K., Walsh, A., Ballsun-Stanton, B., & Lane, M. (2025). A university framework for the re-sponsible use of generative AI in research. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2025.2509187
  37. Spronken-Smith, R. (2005). Implementing a problem-based learning approach for teaching research methods in geog-raphy. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 29(2), 203-221. https://doi.org/10.1080/03098260500130403
  38. Vohra, M., Singh, T., Illayaraja, K. & Shah, K. (2025). Generative AI-driven spatial data extraction in OpenStreetMap using natural language. International Journal of Geoinformatics, 21(6). https://doi.org/10.52939/ijg.v21i6.4233
  39. Wachinger, J., Bӓrnighausen, K., Schӓfer, L., Scott, K, & McMahon, S. (2025). Prompts, pearls, imperfections: comparing ChatGPT and a human researcher in qualitative data analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 35(9), 951-966. https://doi.org/10.1177/10497323241244669
  40. Welch, R., & Panelli, R. (2003). Teaching research methodology to geography undergraduates: rationale and practice in a human geography programme, Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 27(3), 255–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309826032000145043
  41. Wellens, J., Berardi, A., Chalkley, B., Chambers, B., Healey, R., Monk, J., & Vender, J. (2006). Teaching geography for social transformation. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 30(1), 117–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/03098260500499717
  42. Wilson, D. (2025). The development of policies on generative artificial intelligence in UK universities. IFLA Journal, 51(3), 722-734. https://doi.org/10.1177/03400352251333796
  43. Wilson, H., Leydon, J., & Wincentak, J. (2017). Fieldwork in geography education: defining or declining? The state of fieldwork in Canadian undergraduate geography programs. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 41(1), 94-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/03098265.2016.1260098
  44. Zhou, X., & Al-Samarraie, H. (2025). Introduction to AI in research. In X. Zhou & H. Al-Samarraie (Eds.), Advances in Artificial Intelligence in Education (pp.3-22). Springer, Cham Switzerland.